ٍSubject Review: The Status of Horticulture Protection and Using Pesticides in Gaza Strip

ٍSubject Review: The Status of Horticulture Protection and Using Pesticides in Gaza Strip

Ahmad S. Saleh, Ismael Abdel Aziz

Received : 28-12-1998 , Accepted : 17-12-2002

Language: Arabic

Abstract

A field study has been conducted in Gaza governorates to evaluate status of plant protection and using pesticides by farmers. To achieve this goal a questionnaire of 31 questions has been prepared and answered by a randomly chosen sample of 48 farmers representing the agricultural density of each governorate. It covered the northern area, Gaza, middle region, Khanyunis and Rafah governorate. The study shows that most farmers who have been included in this questionnaire are characterized as having an educational level beyond the preparatory stage; they are either young or older more than 51 years. They also have crucial relationship with their farms. These farmers have not been given sufficient training on new techniques of plant protection and on the safe use of pesticides. In addition the study shows that many dangerous pests and weeds have attacked the fruit trees and also the agricultural extension agents play an essential role in extension and in direction of the farmer towards selecting the pesticides which will be used on crops, and most of farmers depends on chemical method in their attempt to control the plant diseases and pests, however few of them depend on alternative techniques. Although, they prefer other alternatives which are safer to the environment, the variations among farmers in terms of the quantity (dosage) used of pesticide. The study showed that farmers used high volume technique in spraying the pesticide, the farmers may spray the pests during three times a day (morning or noon or evening). They either use motorized Knapsack sprayer or tractor sprayer or, lever operated knapsack sprayer or manual sprayer motor. The farmers reuse the remaining spray solution to spray their crops without taking into consideration the quantity needed for each crop area. Although farmers get their pesticides from local market, they believe that such pesticides are dangerous, expensive, and ineffective. Furthermore, the study shows that some crops like, grapes, apples are considered among the most frequently sprayed crops with pesticides. It also shows that diseases, which affect these crops, constitute major economic losses for the farmers more than losses caused by insect and mites. The contrary previous crops caused in guava, almonds, olives, citrus, by insects and mites constitute a major economic caused for the farmers more than losses caused by plant diseases. The study showed also list of pesticides, which are used to control for each pests and diseases of different fruit trees.

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Composition Operators on Orlicz and Bochner Spaces

Composition Operators on Orlicz and Bochner Spaces

Mahmud Masri

Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 16-09-2000 , Accepted : 07-05-2001

Language: English

Abstract

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Electophysiological assessments of the effects of Glycemic events, Ascorbic acid and Thaimine, on the Peripheral Neuropathy of Diabetes Mellitus Patie

Electophysiological assessments of the effects of Glycemic events, Ascorbic acid and Thaimine, on the Peripheral Neuropathy of Diabetes Mellitus Patients

I.W.M. Al- Hasan*, G.A. Al- Sharify**

*Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. **Al-Yarmouk Hospital, Baghdad

Received : 06-02-2001 , Accepted : 05-11-2001

Language: English

Abstract

Three groups of patients who had diabetes mellitus for 10 years were enrolled in the study and compared with the control group. Electrophysiological study on seven peripheral nerves were carried out once in the control subjects and four times in the diabetic patients; the first examination was conducted prior to drug supplement and the subsequent reexaminations conducted at the end of 6; 12 and 18 months following the drugs treatments, ascorbic acid (AA) and Thiamine (B1). The results indicate that improvements in latency, velocity and amplitude of the nerves evoked responses were significantly better with the use of AA compared to thiamine use in the patients. The results also show that the improvements were significantly greater in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) compared to that of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with the presence of AA in both groups.Nevertheless the results indicate that with better glycemic control, the tested nerves show variable degrees of functional improvements detected by the three examined parameters at the end of the 6 and 12 months. At the end of the last visit (18 months after the first visit) more improvements were observed in the three parameters of IDDM patients. Key words: Ascorbic acid, Thiamine, Insulin, effectiveness, Diabetic Neuropathy.

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Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Studies of Emodin

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Studies of Emodin

Mohammad A. Hannoun

Faculty of Pharmacy, An- Najah National University- Nablus, West Bank (Palestine)

Received : 22-09-1998 , Accepted : 31-08-1999

Language: English

Abstract

A differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetric (DP-CSV) method for determination of emodin in Britton- Robinson buffer (pH2) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMIDE) is described. The method is based on measuring the reductive peak height at —0.25V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The linear relationship between the peak current and emodin concentration allowed the voltarnmetric determination of emodin over a wide concentration range 1.0 X 10-2 —2.5 X10-6 M, with a relative standard deviation of 3.3% (10 determinations at 1 X 10-2 M). Adsorption of emodin at HMDE enabled a detection limit of 2X10-1°M after 3 min accumulation at 0.0V. The applicability of the suggested method was found to be suitable for the determination of emodin in roots, stems and leaves of Rumex cyprius plant.

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Run-Time Elimination of Dead-Rules in Forward-Chaining Rule-Based Programs

Run-Time Elimination of Dead-Rules in Forward-Chaining Rule-Based Programs

Wael Mustafa

Computer Science Department, An-Najah N. Univ., Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 29-08-1998 , Accepted : 04-07-1999

Language: English

Abstract

This paper presents an optimization method to improve execution time of forward-chaining rule based programs. The improvement is achieved by deleting rules that finish firing during run-time. The conditions of the deleted rules are not matched against working memory in later execution cycles and hence the execution time is reduced. Information obtained from control and data-flow analyses is utilized to determine when rules finish firing during nm-time. Since rules are deleted during run-time only after they finish firing the optimization does not change the semantics of the source program. The optimization method can be n final step to other optimization methods. The results of applying the optimization to three CLIPS rule-based programs are presented. These results show significant improvement when the source program contains rules that require significant matching time and finish execution early during run-time.

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Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Study on Ge28.33 In6 Se65.67 Glass

Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Study on Ge28.33 In6 Se65.67 Glass

Ghassan Saffarini

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 06-10-1997 , Accepted : 24-05-1999

Language: English

Abstract

The local environment of indium atoms in the chalcogenide glass with the stoichiometric composition Ge28. 33 In6 Se65 67 has been investigated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) technique. It is found that indium is only coordinated with selenium atoms with a value of three for its coordination number.

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Performance of Different Grape Cultivars for Rooting and Grafting

Performance of Different Grape Cultivars for Rooting and Grafting

Hassan Abu-Qaoud

Dept. of Plant Prod. & Prot., Faculty of Agriculture, An-Najah Nat. Univ. Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 10-06-1998 , Accepted : 21-02-1999

Language: English

Abstract

Four local grape cultivars (Halawani, Beiruiti Zaini and Beituni) were bench grafted on four different grape rootstocks (B41, Paulsen, Rugerri and Richter). Two grafting methods were used: whip tongue and wedge grafting. The experiment was conducted for two successive seasons (1997 and 1998). All rootstock basis were treated with Indolebutyric- acid (IBA) at 8000 ppm in the form of powder. The results showed a great variability in the rooting ability of the different rootstocks with Paulsen rootstock which resulted in the higher rooting ability, while Rugerri and B41 resulted significantly in the lower rooting percentage in both seasons. The scion as well as the grafting method did not affect the rooting ability of the rootstocks. The rootstock scion combination showed high healing ability with a significant interaction between both graft partners. Rugerri and Richter resulted in the highest healing of grafts. The vegetative bud growth of the graft varied among the different scion cultivars but without any significant effect of grafting method or rootstocks in both seasons. Both Halawani and Beiruiti resulted in the higher vegetative growth during propagation.

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